Normal values

General characteristics and measurements:

• Color: pale yellow to dark amber is mainly determined by the concentration of the pigments urochrome, urobilin and uroerythrin.
• Clarity: clear to cloudy due to leukocytes, bacteria, epithelials or precipitation of phosphates.
• Specific gravity (sp gr): may range between 1.001 and 1.025. 
• pH: 4.5 - 8 (average pH around 6) 
• Volume: 1000-2500cc/24 hours (adult) 

Chemical determinations:

• Glucose: negative
  
• Ketones: negative
  
• Blood: negative
  
• Protein: negative
  
• Nitrate for bacteria: negative
  
• Leukocyte esterase: negative

Microscopic exam of sediment:

• Casts: negative (occasional hyaline casts)
  
• Red blood cells (RBCs): negative or rare
  
• White blood cells (WBCs): negative or rare
  
• Crystals: negative
  
• Epithelial cells: few

Reference

Klatt, E.C. (n.d.). Urinalysis. The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education. Accessed 8/2/2021 from https://webpath.med.utah.edu/TUTORIAL/URINE/URINE.html.